BAIL OR JAIL- JUDICIAL DISCRETION

Gudikanti Narasimhulu And Ors vs Public Prosecutor, High Court Of ... on 6 December, 1977

Equivalent citations: 1978 AIR 429, 1978 SCR (2) 371
Bench: Krishnaiyer, V.R.
PETITIONER:
GUDIKANTI NARASIMHULU AND ORS.
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
PUBLIC PROSECUTOR, HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
DATE OF JUDGMENT06/12/1977
BENCH:
KRISHNAIYER, V.R.
BENCH:
KRISHNAIYER, V.R.
CITATION:
1978 AIR 429 1978 SCR (2) 371
1978 SCC (1) 240
CITATOR INFO :
RF 1980 SC1632 (28,32)
R 1984 SC1503 (9)
ACT:
Bail-Grant of bail-Practice and Procedure in the matter of granting of bail to an accused person pending the


hearing of an appeal--Guidelines for granting bail-Order XLVII Rule 6 r/w Order XXI Rules 6 and 27 of the


Supreme Court Rules, 1966.

HEADNOTE:
The petitioners who were convicted by the Andhra Pradesh High Court for the offences u/ss. 148, 302, 302J
149 I.P.C., in an appeal by the state against their acquittal, surrendered themselves to curial custody as
required under Order XXI of the Supreme Court Rules 1966, before preferring the statutory appeal u/s 2(c) of
the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act 28 of 1970 r/w S. 379 Crl. P. C.
1973. They were on bail at the trial and appellate stages and were also on parole after their surrender pursuant
to the High Court Judgment. Allowing their bail petition the Court,

HELD : 1. The issue of "Bail or Jail"-at the pretrial or post-conviction stage-although largely hinging on
judicial discretion, is one of liberty, justice, public safety and burden of the public treasury, all of which insist
that a developed jurisprudence of bail is integral to a socially sensitized judicial process. [372 G]

2.Personal liberty of an accused or convict is fundamental, suffering lawful eclipse only in terms of
"procedure established by law". The last four words' of Art. 21 are the life of that human right. [373 A] 3.The
significance and sweep of Art. 21 make the deprivation of liberty, ,ephemeral or enduring, a matter of grave
concern and permissible only when the law authorising it is reasonable, even handed and geared to the goals
of community good and State necessity spelt out in Art. 19. Reasonableness postulates intelligent care and
predicates that deprivation of freedom by refusal of bail is not for punitive purpose but for the bifocal interests
of justice to the individual involved and society affected. [376 D-E] 4.All deprivation of liberty is validated by
social defense and individual correction along an anti criminal direction. Public justice is central to the whole
of bail law fleeing justice must be forbidden but punitive harshness should be minimised. Restorative devices
to redeem the man, even through community service, meditating drill, study classes or other resources should
be innovated, and playing foul with public peace by tampering with evidence, intimidating witnesses or
committing offences while on judicially sanctioned "free enterprise" should be provided against. No seeker of
justice shall play confidence tricks on the court or community. Conditions may be hung around bail orders not
to cripple but to protect. Such is the holistic jurisdiction and humanistic orientation invoked by the judicial
discretion correlated to the values of our constitution.[376 H, 377 A]

5.The principal rule to guide release on bail should be to secure the presenceof the applicant who seeks to be
liberated, to take judgment and serve sentence in the event of the court punishing him with imprisonment. In
this perspective, relevance of considerations is regulated by their nexus with the likely absence of the
applicant for fear of a severe sentence. [375 C-D]

6.The vital considerations are :-(a) The nature of charge, the nature of the evidence and, the punishment to
which the party may be liable, if convicted, or conviction is confirmed. When the crime charged is of the
highest 11-1114SCI/77

magnitude and the punishment of it assigned by law is of extreme severity, the court may reasonably presume,
some evidence warranting that no amount of bail would secure the presence of the convict at the stage of
judgment, should he be enlarged; (b) whether the cause of justice would be thwarted by him who seeks the
benignant jurisdiction of the court to be freed for the time being (c) Antecedents of the man and
socio-geographical circumstances; and whether the petitoner's record shows him to be a habitual offender; (d)
when a person, charged with a grave offence has been acquitted at a stage, the intermediate acquittal has
pertinence to a bail plea when the appeal before this court pends. The ground for denial of provisional release,
becomes weaker when a fair finding of innocence has been recorded by one court; (e) Whether the accused's
safety may be more in prison than in the vengeful village where feuds have provoked the violent offence and

(f) the period in prison already spent and the prospect of delay in the appeal being heard and disposed of. [374
G-H. 375 D, E, H, 376 A, B, C,E, V, 377 B-H]
7.Courts should soberly size up Police exaggerations of prospective misconduct of the accused, if enlarged,
lest danger of excesses and injustice creep subtly into the discretionary curial technique. Bad record and
police prediction of criminal prospects to invalidate the bail plea are admissible in principle but shall not
stampede the court into a complacement refusal. [377 D-E]

8.To answer the test of reasonableness, subject to the need for securing the presence of the bail applicant the
court must also weigh the contrary factors viz. (i) the better chances which a man on bail has to prepare or
present his case that are remanded in custody, (ii) promotion of public justice, (iii) the considerable public
expense in keeping in custody where no danger of disappearance or disturbance can arise and (iv) the

deplorable condition, verging on the inhuman of our sub-jails. [376 E-G] 9.In the instant case, in view of the
circumstances that (a) the petitioners were free when on bail during the trial and free when on parole by the
state, (b) they did not abuse the trust reposed by the court or the State during the said periods, (c) they were
acquitted by the trial court (d) four other fellow accused were enlarged on bail (e) they have suffered
imprisonment around a year and (f) a reasonable prediction of the time of the hearing of the appeal may take
the court to a few years ahead, the court directed the petitioners to be enlarged on bail on terms. [378 C-H]

JUDGMENT:

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Misc. Petition No.1443 of 1977.

(APPLICATION FOR BAIL)

P.Ram Reddy and M. S. Rana Rao for the Appellants. G. N. Rao for the Respondent.

ORDER

KRISHNA IYER, J. "Bail or jail?”- at the pre-trial or post- conviction stage-belongs to the blurred area of the
criminal justice system and largely binges on the hunch of the bench, otherwise called judicial discretion. The
Code is cryptic on this topic and the court prefers to be tacit, be the order custodial or not. And yet, the issue is
one of liberty, justice, public safety and burden of the public treasury, all of which insist that a developed
Jurisprudence of bail is integral to a socially sensitized judicial process. A Chamber judge in this summit court
I have to deal with this unanalyzed case flow, ad hoc response to the docket being the flickering candle light.
So it is desirable that the subject is disposed of on basic principle, not improvised brevity draped or discretion.
Personal liberty, deprived when bail is refused, is too precious a value of our constitutional system recognized
under Art. 21

that the curial power to negate it is a great trust exercisable, not casually but judicially, with lively concern for
the cost to the individual and the community. To glamorize impressionistic orders as discretionary may, on
occasions, make a litigative gamble decisive of a fundamental right. After all, personal liberty of an accused
or convict is fundamental, suffering lawful eclipse only in terms of 'procedure established by law'. The last
four words of Art. 21 are the life of that human right. The doctrine of Police Power, constitutionally validates
punitive processes for the maintenance of public order, security of the State, national integrity and the interest
of the public generally. Even so, having regard to the solemn issue involved, deprivation of personal freedom,
ephemeral or enduring, must be founded on the most serious considerations relevant to the welfare objectives
of society, specified in the Constitution.

What, then, is 'judicial discretion' in this bail context? In the elegant words of Benjamin Cardozo. "The judge,
even when he is free, is still not wholly free. He is not to innovate at pleasure. He is not a knight-errant
roaming at will in pursuit of his own ideal of beauty or of goodness. He is to draw his inspiration from
consecrated principles. He is not to yield to spasmodic sentiment, to vague and unregulated benevolence. He
is to exercise a discretion informed by tradition, methodized by analogy, disciplined. by system, and
subordinated to 'the primordial necessity of order in the social life. Wide enough in all conscience is the, field
of discretion that remains."

The Nature of the Judicial Process-Yale University Press, (1921)].

Even so it is useful to notice the tart terms of Lord Camden that


the discretion of a judge is the law of tyrants : it is always unknown, it is different in different men; it is
casual, and depends upon constitution, temper and passion. In the best, it is oftentimes caprice; in the worst, it
is every vice, folly and passion to which human nature is liable . . ." (I Bovu. Law Dict., Rawles' III Revision

p. 885-quoted in Judicial Discretion-National College of the State Judiciary, Reno, Nevada p. 14).
Some jurists have regarded the term 'judicial discretion' as a misnomer. Nevertheless, the vesting of
discretion is the unspoken but inescapable, silent command of our judicial system, and those who exercise it
will remember that "discretion, when applied to a court of justice, means sound discretion guided by law. It
must be governed by rule, not by humor; it must not be arbitrary, vague and fanciful, but legal and regular."

(Attributed to Lord Mansfield, Tingley v. Bolby, 14 N.W. 145)

"An appeal to a judge's discretion is an appeal to his judicial conscience. The discretion must be exercised, not
in opposition to, but in accordance with, established principles of law."

[Judicial Discretion, (ibid) p. 33]

Having grasped the core concept of judicial discretion and the constitutional perspective in which the court
must operate public policy by a restraint on liberty, we have to proceed to see what are the relevant criteria for
grant or refusal of bail in the case of a person who has either been convicted and has appealed or one whose
conviction has been set aside but leave has been granted by this Court to appeal against the acquittal. What is
often forgotten, and therefore warrants reminder, is the object to keep a person in judicial custody pending
trial or disposal of an appeal. Lord Russell, C.J., said :

"I observe that in this case bail was refused for the prisoner. It cannot be too strongly impressed on the,
magistracy of the country that bail is not to be withheld as a punishment, but that the requirements as to bail
are merely to secure the attendance of the prisoner at trial."

(R.v Rose-1898 18 Cox CC. 717; 67 LJQD 289 quoted in The Granting of Bail', Mod. Law Rev. Vol. 81, Jan.
1968 p. 40, 48).
This theme was developed by Lord Russell of Killowen C.J., when he charged the grand jury at Salisbury
Assizes, 1899 : it was the duty of magistrates to admit accused persons to bail, wherever practicable, unless
there were strong grounds for supposing that such persons would not appear to take their trial. It was not the
poorer classes who did not appear, for their circumstances were such as to tie them to the place where they
carried on their work. They had not the golden wings with which to fly from justice." [(1899) 63 J.P. 193,
Mod. Law, Rev. p. 49 ibid].

In Arch bold it is stated that

"The proper test of whether bail should be granted or refused is whether it is probable that the defendant will
appear to take his trial....

The test should be applied by reference to the following considerations :

(1) The nature of the accusation.
(2) The nature of the evidence in support of the accusation.
(3) The severity of the punishment which conviction will entail...

(4) Whether the sureties are independent, or indemnified by the accused person. . . . . " (Mod. Law Rev. ibid.
p. 53-Archbold, Pleading Evidence and Practice in Criminal Cases, 36th edn., London, 1966 para 203)
Perhaps, this is an overly simplistic statement and we must remember the constitutional focus in Art. 21 and
19 before following diffuse observations and practices in the English system. Even in England there is a
growing awareness that the working of the bail system requires a second look from the point of view of
correct legal criteria and sound principles, as has been pointed out by Dr. Bottomley. (The Granting of Bails :
Principles and Practices : Mod. Law Rev. ibid, p. 40 to 54).

Let us have a glance at the pros and cons and the true principle around which other relevant factors must
revolve. When the case is finally disposed of and a person is sentenced to incarceration, things stand on a
different footing. We are concerned with the penultimate stage and the principal rule to guide release on bail
should be to secure the presence of the applicant who seeks to be liberated, to take judgment and serve
sentence in the event of the court punishing him with imprisonment. In this perspective, relevance of
considerations is regulated by their nexus with the likely absence of the applicant for fear of a severe sentence,
if such be plausible in the case. As Erle J. indicated, when the crime charged (of which a conviction has been
sustained) is of the highest magnitude and the punishment of it assigned by law is of extreme severity, the
court may reasonably presume, some evidence warranting, that no amount of bail would secure the presence
of the convict at the stage of judgment, should he be enlarged. (Mod. Law Rev. p. 50 ibid, 1852 I. E. & B. 1).
Lord Campbell CJ concurred in this approach in that case and Coleridge J. set down the order of priorities, as
follows : "I do not think that an accused party is detained in custody because of his guilt, but because there are
sufficient probable grounds for the charge against him as to make it proper that he should be tried, and
because the detention is necessary to ensure his appearance at trial. It is a very important element in
considering whether the' party, if admitted to bail, would appear to take his trial; and I think that in coming to
a determination on that point three elements will generally be found the most important : the charge, the
nature of the evidence by which it is supported, and the punishment to which the party would be liable if
convicted. In the present case, the charge is that of wilful murder; the evidence contains an admission by the
prisoners of the truth of the charge, and the punishment of the offence is, by law, death."

(Mod. Law Rev. ibid, p. 50-51)

It is thus obvious that the nature of the charge is the vital factor and the nature of the evidence also is
pertinent. The punishment to

376

which the party may be liable, if convicted or conviction is confirmed, also bears upon the issue.

Another relevant factor is as to whether the, course of justice would be thwarted by him who seeks the
benignant jurisdiction of the Court to be freed for the time being. [Patrick Devlin, The Criminal Prosecution in
England London 1960 p. 75-Mod. Law Rev. ibid p. 50.]

Thus the legal principle and practice validate the court considering the likelihood of the applicant interfering
with witnesses for the prosecution or otherwise polluting the process of justice. It is not only traditional but
rational, in this context, to enquire into the antecedents of a man who is applying for bail to find whether he
has a bad record particularly a record which suggests that he is likely to commit serious offences while on bail.
In regard to habitual, it is part of criminological history that a thoughtless bail order has enabled the, bailee to
exploit the opportunity to inflict further crimes on the members of society. Bail discretion, on the basis of
evidence. about the criminal record of a defendant, is therefore not an exercise in irrelevance.

The significance and sweep of Art. 21 make the deprivation of liberty 'a matter of grave concern and
permissible only when the law authorizing it is reasonable, even-handed and geared to the goals of community
good and State necessity spelt out in Art. 19. Indeed, the considerations I have set out as criteria are germane
to the constitutional proposition I have deduced. Reasonableness postulates intelligent care and predicates that
deprivation of freedom- by refusal of bail is not for punitive purpose but for the bi-focal interests of justice-to
the individual involved and society affected.

We must weigh the contrary factors to answer the test of reasonableness, subject to the need for securing the
presence, of the bail applicant. It makes sense to assume that a man on bail has a better chance to prepare or
present his case than one remanded in custody. And if public justice is to be promoted, mechanical detention
should be close to ours, the function of bail is limited, 'community roots' of the, applicant are stressed and, after
the Vera Foundation's Manhattan Bail Project, monetary suretyship is losing ground. The considerable public
expense in keeping in custody where no danger of disappearance or disturbance can arise, is not a negligible
consideration. Equally important is the deplorable condition, verging on. the inhuman, of our sub jails, that the
unrewarding cruelty and expensive custody of avoidable incarceration makes refusal of bail unreasonable and
a Policy favoring release justly sensible.

A few other weighty factors deserve reference. All deprivation of liberty is validated by social defense and
individual correction along an anti-criminal direction. Public justice is central to the whole scheme of bail law.
Fleeting justice must be forbidden but punitive harshness should be minimized. Restorative devices to redeem
the man, even, through community service, meditative drill, study classes or other resources should be
innovated, and playing foul with public peace by

tampering with evidence, intimidating witnesses or committing offence while on judicially sanctioned 'free
enterprise,' should be provided against. No seeker of justice shall play confidence tricks on the court or
community. Thus, conditions may be hung around bail orders, not to cripple but to protect. Such is the holistic
jurisdiction and humanistic orientation invoked by the judicial discretion correlated to the values of our
constitution.

Viewed from this perspective, we gain a better insight into the rules of the game. When a person, charged with
a grave offence, has been acquitted at a stage, has the intermediate acquittal pertinence to a bail plea when the
appeal before this Court pends ? Yes, it has. The panic which might prompt the accused to jump the gauntlet
of justice is less, having enjoyed the confidence of the court's verdict once. Concurrent holdings of guilt have
the opposite effect. Again, the ground for denial of provisional release becomes weaker when the fact stares
us in the face that a fair finding-if that be so of- innocence has been recorded by one court. It may not be
conclusive, for the judgment of acquittal may be ex facie wrong, the likelihood of desperate reprisal, if
enlarged, may be a deterrent and his own safety may be more in prison than in the vengeful village where
feuds have provoked the violent offence. It depends. Antecedents of the man and socio-geographical
circumstances have a bearing only from this angle. Police exaggerations of prospective misconduct of the
accused, if enlarged, must be soberly sized up lest danger of excesses and injustice creep subtly into the
discretionary curial technique. Bad record and police prediction of criminal prospects to invalidate the bail
plea are admissible in principle but shall not stampede the court into a cornplacent refusal. Realism is a
component of humanism which is the heart of the legal system. We come across cases where parties have
already suffered 3, 4 and in one case (the other day it was unearthed) over 10 years in prison. These persons
may perhaps be acquitted-difficult to guess. If they are, the injustice of innocence long in rigorous
incarceration inflicted by the protraction of curial processes, is an irrevocable injury. And, taking a pragmatic
view, while life imprisonment may, in law, last a whole life, in practice it hardly survives ten years, thanks to
rules of remission. Thus, at the worst, the prisoner may have to sere some more years, and, at the best, law is
vicariously guilty of dilatory deprivation of citizen's liberty, a consummation vigilantly to be vetoed. So, a
circumstance of some consequence, when considering a motion for bail, is the period in prison already spent



Gudikanti Narasimhulu And Ors vs Public Prosecutor, High Court Of ... on 6 December, 1977

and the prospect of the appeal being delayed for hearing, having regard to the suffocating crowd of dockets
pressing before the few Benches.

It is not out of place to mention that if the State takes up a flexible attitude it may be possible to permit long
spells of parole, under controlled conditions, so that fear that the full freedom if bailed out, might be abused,
may be eliminated by this experimental measure, punctuated by reversion to prison. Unremitting insulation in
the harsh and hardened company of prisoners leads to many unmentionable vices that humanizing interludes
of parole are part of the compassionate constitutionalism of our system. 378

The basics being thus illuminated, we have to apply them to the tangled knot of specifics projected by each
case. The delicate light of the law favors release unless countered by the negative criteria necessitating that
course. The coffective instinct of the law plays upon release orders by strapping on to them protective and
curative conditions. Heavy bail from poor man is obviously wrong. Poverty is society's malady and sympathy,
not sternness, is the judicial response.

In this jurisprudential setting, I take up each case. Detailed ratiocination is not called for, since I have
indicated the broad approach. And, for a bail order-Once awareness of matters of relevance is assured-the
briefer the better, and prolixity may be fraught with unwitting injury. The focus is on personal freedom,
barricaded or banned when it turns a menace to the fair administration of justice which is the foundation of a
free society. The reasons which I have set out at great length which in my view bear upon the grant or refusal
of bail warrant enlargement of the petitioners in the facts of the present case. If is a fact that he has been
acquitted along with others in the trial court although that acquittal has been set aside in the High Court.
Further, there is no suggestion possible that during the time they were on bail-and they were free during the
pendency of the trial and when the appeal was pending in the High Court-that they abused the trust reposed by
the Court allowing them to be at large. Moreover, four of the fellow accused have been already enlarged on
bail by this Court and an attempt at cancellation thereof rebuffed.

The petitioners have suffered imprisonment around a year and a reasonable prediction of the time of the
hearing of the appeal many take us to a few years ahead. Which means that incarceration during that period
may possibly prove an irrevocable injury if the appeal ends in their favour. The Magistrate's report about the
conduct of the petitioners while in sub-jail is not uncomplimentary. Counsel for the respondent-State rightly
stresses that the village is factious and that the petitioners are activists in one faction. The potentiality of
community peace being disturbed should therefore be obviated by proper safeguards. It is significant that the
State itself has released the petitioners on parole and there is nothing to suggest that while on such spell of
freedom anything injurious to public interest or public peace or public justice has been committed.

The cumulative result of these considerations persuades me to direct the petitioners to be enlarged on bail,
namely, their own bond to appear to receive sentence in the event of an adverse verdict from this Court.
However they will be put on conditions which counsel for the petitioners accepts. The petitioners will keep
out of the village Gonegondla except for one day in a week. They will be allowed to enter the village on that
day only after reporting to the police at the Gonegondla police station. They shall leave the village the next
day and they wilt report to the police when they are departing from the village. This will help the police to
have a vigilant eye on the petitioners and prevent them,

from doing mischief inside the village and incidentally wilt help the petitioners carry on their agricultural
operations by once-a-week supervision.

It is commendable, if the petitioners choose to report daily before any therapeutic centre for psychic
reformation, such as a transcendental meditation centre. This is left to their option but may eventually prove to
their good. The petition is disposed of accordingly.



Gudikanti Narasimhulu And Ors vs Public Prosecutor, High Court Of ... on 6 December, 1977

S.R.
Petition allowed.